§ 7.
The material (p), the mystery of which is
revealed in
the Theory of the structure of the Stars.
The problem
of material occupies a central part in the science. Under the word "material
the initial material, from which everything in the Universe is built " is
understood. The earth, air, water, fauna and flora, stars surround us, all
these objects consist of different atoms. The simplest atom is considered the
atom of hydrogen. The atom of hydrogen consists of one electron and one proton.
Where from electron originates was explained in the previous paragraphs of this
book. But where from did proton, the initial particle of the material world
originate in nature? The theory of the origin of Stars will help us to
understand this question.
*
* *
It is
possible to divide all cosmogony theories, into two models
"cold" and "hot". The supporters of the first model approve,
that the initial material, of which the heavenly bodies were formed, was at
first cold, and then began to warm up. The defence
counsels of the second model prove opposite: the initial material initially was
hot, and its cooling occurred further. Concepts "cold" and
"hot" is connected to concept "heat". That is why let us
analyze first the sphere of physics- thermodynamics. Thermodynamics originated
as the science of processes that occur in thermal machines (for instance, in
thermal boilers), that is, as the science of the transformation of heat into
mechanical movement. Such scientists as S. Karno, U.
Mayer, G. Joel, W. Thomson and R. Clausius and others
discovered many laws in this direction. At that, all researchers noted the fact
that "heat does not transfer self arbitrary from cold body to hotter
one". (The second law of thermodynamics). This formulation underlines
one-direction of real earth process. But what is interesting, this law carries
exceptionally probable character. That is, it is impossible to claim to hundred
percent that the second law of thermodynamics is a one-direction process. The
probable basis of the process means, is possibility of the back process as
well. But no one really imagines the sense of this back process.
In 1860,
quite a new notion appeared in thermodynamics. The unity of thermodynamics
cracked. German scientist G. Kirchhoff laid out the foundation of new direction- the
theory of "the radiation of absolute black body". In the science
there occurred a big gap that later laid out the basis of quantum theory. But
nobody valued and noticed this big gap in the science. Now the scientists began
to analyze the interaction between heat and radiation and not between heat and
mechanic movement as they analyzed earlier.
Then they began to analyze the theory of interaction of heat and
radiation in the other scale- in a cosmic one. But while studying the radiation
of cosmic space and connecting it with heat, they still use old notions about
thermodynamics and exactly that "heat does not transfer self-arbitrary
from cold body to hotter one". Thought remained on the previous mechanic
level. They still consider that if heat transforms from hot to cold in thermal
boilers, then in cosmic space there must act the same principle. And with this
mechanic view, the scientists want to understand the process of the origin of
the star.
But isn't
it funny to imagine the cosmic space as a thermal machine, or as a blowing up
nuclear bomb, if the cosmic space itself is characterized by super low
temperatures? The superlow temperatures of space are
the evident fact. And only in separate, its local areas this temperature is
broken Does not the legal question arise: "How in this cosmic space can
initially originate high temperatures, huge densities?" And the scientists
immediately accept high temperatures and huge densities for the basis of the
theory, not explaining their origin. In the given chapter I offer the reader to
analyze the back process how stars are formed from the Kingdom of the eternal
cold, from Vacuum T=-273,16ºC.
*
* *
The theory
of occurrence of stars is closely connected to the theory of gravitation.
Completely
differently, at the end of 1915 А.Einstein, has created the theory of gravitation (GRT). This theory
approves, that the presence of mass bends space. And the curvature of space
influences displacement of beams of light (quantums
of light). Such interrelation of mass, space and quantums
of light was surprising, but in 1919 this theory was experimentally confirmed
However in
GRT two basic problems are not decided:
1) that is a source (energy - pulse) of a gravitational
field,
2) what mass of particles forms a gravitational
field.
That is
this theory can not apply for a
detailed, concrete, evident picture of occurrence of a gravitational field,
occurrence of stars.
*
* *
What substance serves an initial basis of a
structure of a Star.
The ancient
man considered, that the universe is not settled only with seen matter, that
there is an invisible matter. To the same opinion also scientists came. They
speak, that more than 90 % of substance in the universe is represented
with latent mass. But nobody knows, what this is. Others speak, that on one
atom of hydrogen it is necessary 109 of relict particles - quantums
of light. In what reason is such a huge difference? The answer is not present.
In other words - there is no answer to a
question: " Where has a matter undertaken from?".
Let's assume, that an initial material for
construction of seen substance in the Universe is latent mass, relict primary quantums of light (virtual particles, antiparticle),
existing at Т=0К.
How from latent mass, from primary quantums of light is the seen matter created?
This
question is answered with the theory of formation of Stars.
*
* *
Again we
shall consider model of an absolutely black body, in which the thermal balance
is equal 0K (heat is absent). On such model it is possible to understand
processes occurring in an empire of an eternal cold T=0K.
1) Let us suppose that in some local sphere of Vacuum there was found the quantity of the passive particles R/NA=k that is equal to the number Avogadro NA.
2) If
quantum of light having impulse of Planck h will penetrate in area of an
absolutely black body, the impulse of this quantum will not change a condition
of the absolutely black body.
3) But if quantum of light having impulse of Goudsmit-Uhlenbeck ћ=nh/2p will penetrate in area of an absolutely black body by energy E=ћw and charge e=±Öaћc, thermal balance will be disturbed. The actively rotating particle with energy E=ћw results in chaotic movement surrounding
it passive particles R/NA=k.
4) Some volume is forming.
Then the further process will receive the
development if the space forms, which contains the quantity of the particles
that is equal to the constant of Loschmidt NL.
Where are these particles? They are on the external border of the created
volume.
5) Why do not theses passive relict quantums of light fly away?
What
serves as "walls" in the process of the stars creation? Because their
quantity in the given local sphere is so big, the farther from the center quantums of light create " the effect of the
wall" and do not let the closer to electron particles fly away into
different sides.
*
* *
Thus a
source of a gravitational field is the potential energy of a particle E0=M0c2,
expressed in its active form E=ћw, e=±Öaћc.
The
remaining particles R/NA=k are passive participants (victims)
of the creating
gravitation field.
* *
*
The rotary particle creates isolated space. And
what mass should be of this actively rotating particle? The average density of
the substance in the Universe is p=10-30 g/cm3.
This density is not able to isolate the vacuum space. The scientists say:
"That if the density was p=10-29
g/cm3 less than the space would isolate “. The scientists
found the particle that is able to isolate the space. This particle is
electron. The mass of electron 9.10-28
gram is that minimal mass that is able to isolate the vacuum space.
*
* *
We shall take into account, that the processes
occur at super low temperatures, and, hence, it is required to consider such
phenomena as: superconductivity, super viscosity, super fluidity
The rotary particle possesses the energy E=ћω and the charge e=±√αћc. It is surrounded by the huge quantity of
passive relict quantums of light R/NA=k,
the quantity of which is equal to the number of Loschmidt NL. They do not show any
electric resistance to the rotary electron, the energy of which develops
completely, without any loss. The scientists called this phenomenon
superconductivity. Then near the actively rotating electron the first layer of
the particles (rest quantums of light, latent mass) forms,
which are characterized by the physical state that received the name of helium-II.
*
* *
In 1908,
Helium is liquefy (turns into liquid) at the
temperature 4,2K. It turned out that helium
is the only element that does not become solid
at normal pressure in the liquid state, no matter how deep it was cooled. At
such temperature, all other gases become solid as a piece of ice. But helium
turns into transparent liquid that reminds carbonated water. Such a behavior of
helium is the challenge to the whole classic physics that claims that any
movement stops at absolute zero.
Everything must freeze.
But helium
remains liquid and does not submit to low of “internal rest “.
How should one explain this contradiction?
Insubordination to the laws of classic physics
means only one thing - the inner structure
of this
element completely differs from the inner structure of the material particles,
material substance. This structure refers to relict photons. Relict photons
belong to the other reference system - Vacuum, where they submit to the laws of
quantum physics.
Thus, one
should to analyze the process of the star structure with the theory of helium
at super low temperatures.
*
* *
Helium II originates at the temperature, which minimally
differs from absolute T=0K and
keeps the properties up to temperature
2,17K. Helium II possesses completely exceptional physical
qualities. The most wonderful quality is its extraordinary big thermal
conductivity- super thermal conductivity. Together with that, helium II turned
out to be super fluid. It turned out that only extremely thin covering that is
neighboring with actively rotating particle (electron) possesses super thermal
conductivity, super fluidness. The unique super thermal conductivity of
extremely thin covering is explained by its super fluidness. The speed of super
fluidness of this unique covering consisting of passive relict photons is
approximately 1000 m/s. This speed exceeds speed of flight of the
bullet. And the energy of actively rotating electron serves as the source of
this movement. Thus, there is layer of the resting particles that is suddenly
warmed up. The first thin layer is super fluid and moves with the speed 1000
m/s. This layer goes away and the next one comes immediately instead of it.
There occurs the constant circulation. And the speed of the first layer
gradually reduces till the speed of sound that is equal to 230 m/s.
The transformation of quickly driven particles
helium II to other layer of particles causes change of a condition of this
layer. The next layer after helium II received the name of
helium I.
Helium I is extremely transparent element. It
originates at the temperature that is higher than T=2,17K. The most
important quality of it, as the scientists say, is that "even light,
falling on it, already forces it to boil". That is, even the smallest
warming up of this layer causes its boiling; it means that it represents the
boiling liquid. The borders of helium I extend to the temperature T=4,2K. The theoretical explanation of
superfluidity of helium was given by the soviet
scientists L. Landau in 1941.
* * *
Soviet scientist P.Kapitza
discovered super fluidness of helium in 1938. In experimental works, led by Kapitza, liquid helium was wormed up by weak electric current
and there occurred process of circulation of particles (helium II).
I applied to the experiment, led by Kapitza, to the explanation of the star structure. I am
very grateful to him for that. By the way, I must be grateful to all those scientists,
who created the science. I again would have remained in ignorance without their
work, without their help.
*
* *
Actively rotating electron gradually puts into
circular movement passive relict photons, and all the system comes to rotary
movement But helium rotates differently from all other liquids.
If one rotates
helium very strongly, it starts to behave not as liquid but as elastic body
(experience of E.L.Аndronikashvili -
*
* *
*
* *
Rotation and collision of the particles 3He and 4He at some stage leads to their further crush to
small particles, that received the name of the nucleus of hydrogen atom- proton
(p). Protons are initial, the smallest, material particles.
The most widespread elements in stars are
helium and hydrogen. Our Sun consists of helium to 30%
and of hydrogen to 69%. Is
found that in external layers of our Sun on 1kg of hydrogen it was necessary
270g of helium. In deeper layers on 1kg of hydrogen it is necessary 590g of
helium. Thus than it is more deep into Sun the more helium. And in the central
area is helium-II, helium-I. Only 1% of material substance fits to all remaining
elements. Therefore, reaction between helium, hydrogen and initial particles go
basically on the Sun.
All the
elements of the material substance are created from the initial particles (k).
*
* *
They say,
that the important role in space is played by the theory of black holes.
The
approximate circuit of star formation can be the theories, developed
by
Schwarzschild, by Kerr-Newman and by Hawking.
The first
stage:
Unrotative
mini-black hole.
It is
necessary to take into account:
Electrical
charge (constant quantity)
Mass helium
II and helium I (environmental charge)
Effect of
superconductivity takes place in such condition: ħω>kT.
Temperature
of this area from 2,17К up to 4,2K.
The second
stage:
Rotating
(not radiating) mini-black hole.
It is
necessary to take into account new parameters:
The angular
moment of rotation.
Mass of rotating
elastic helium.
The area of
a surface and volume of system.
Process takes
place in such condition: ħω>kT.
The third
stage:
Rotating
and radiating mini-black hole.
From
rotating elastic helium the various pieces come off which in result
collision
form helium -IV, helium -III.
As a result
of their further splitting the protons (р)
are formed.
The common
thermal temperature increases.
Helium -IV,
helium -III, the protons cooperate with relictive
photon (γ) and occurs
thermonuclear
reaction. In the beginning, the thermonuclear reaction occurs only in separate
local sites and it is directed from the central area to a surface.
Temperature,
area of a surface and volume of system sharply grow.
This
process takes place in such condition: ħω<kT.
The fourth
stage.
Gradually
there is a thin continuous spherical area with the thermonuclear reaction.
This process is described by the theory of
radiation of optical thin plasma.
The fifth
stage.
The process
is described by the theory of radiation of optical thick plasma.
Task.
On this
scheme to construct developing stepwise model of star formation.
* *
*
Now it is considered,
that the nuclear reaction in stars occurs from decomposition of nucleuses
of
hydrogen under the circuit: 41H®4He+2b+2v.
Whence the
Hydrogen (H) has appeared – they do not explain.
Why it is
decomposed on helium (He), antielectron (b), neutrons (v), - it is not clear.
My point of
view is completely opposite.
*
* *
According
to the principle of Boltzmann, the gathering of the
particles in some local sphere of Vacuum has a probable basis S=klnW. But these particles are passive. At the
initial stage of their birth, they cannot move in Vacuum. And then the questions
arise: "Is it casual that the number of the particles that is equal to
Avogadro number gathered in the local sphere?" "And did not Vacuum
calculate and give birth to the enough number of k particles to create a
new star in this local sphere of space?" It seems to me that this process
is not casual. It seems to me that stars and planets are rotating on their own
orbits not casually. It seems to me that someone had to plan all this.
"The
Universe is something mental".
* *
*
One of the
consequences of GRT is deviation of the light beams near the gravitation field.
Rotary gravitation mass changes the thermal state of Vacuum
in the local sphere. This changed local sphere received the name of gravitation
field. And then as the cold air aspires into warm space, so other quanta of
light, passing near gravitation field, can divert from their way or be captured
with gravitation field. Then gravitation field more and more capture them
inside itself. Then their gradual deformation occurs and they burn down after
all in thermonuclear reactions.
Thus, the quantums of light serves both source of creation of
material particles, and source of maintenance thermonuclear of reactions in
stars.
In other
words, these quantums of light bring themselves in a
victim for creation of material Existence.
In a
science this effect of "sacrifice" has received the name " red
displacement ". Now it is considered,
that " the red displacement " is a consequence of divergence of
galaxies in result
" of the Big-bang ". But the true
reason " of red displacement " is the deformation
of quantum
of light in gravitational fields.
And those
quanta of light, which succeeded to avoid the capture by gravitation field, to
avoid the lot of "the particles of sacrifice ", can continue their
existence, their evolution.
Practically
in all ancient religions the ritual of " sacrifice " exists.
Maybe now their sources will be clear.
Quantum of
light is a spiritual, conscious particle. Life is a means to reduce monotonousness
of the
eternity for it. For that, it must show its inner impulse. The active work is
its main desire. And having avoided gravitational capture, it continues
evolution. Having avoided gravitational capture, it obtained a new psychological
experience for itself- fear to be captured into gravitation field.
*
* *
It is possible that the surprised reader will
ask: "What fantasies are these?
How do you know that the psychological feeling
– fear - captures the initial particle?"
I answer. I know from my personal experience.
I am
standing pressed from all the sides by the passengers of the bus. I feel
bitterly and pain breaks my breast. Suddenly something tore away from my heart
and rushed high. And only thin silver string kept this something with the
heart. As it moved away, the string became thinner and thinner and already the
whole of it vibrated of tension. And this something already reached the sun and
being frightened of its hot gravitation field, diverted aside in fear. And the
string rang and it seemed that it would break off at any moment. But suddenly
this something began to return fast and hided in my breast, in my heart. I
recovered my senses and looked around amazingly. The bus rushed, human voices
made noise monotonously and nobody saw that I was in the other measurement, I
returned from the other world. The string succeeded this time.
Involuntary,
tears appeared in the corners of my eyes.
Not having
some religious experience, I could not write this book.
By the way,
taking into account a paradoxical situation in quantum physics, Schrodinger, in
one his letter, wrote:
" As though quantum theory did not become
the theory describing psychological processes ".
Probably, he has written it in a joke. However
this joke once again emphasizes depth
of unusual behaviour
micro particle describing by quantum theory.
*
* *
Stars are
not only the source of heat in the Universe. In stars the most important
process- the burning of relict quantums of light occurs
and the formation of the material particles of them. And in the first turn, the
simplest one that received the name of proton.
But even
till now, the scientists do not see structural, qualitative difference between quantums of light, electron and other particles, for
example, proton.
In 1924, L.de Broglie supposed that all
particles have double nature. That is why now the scientists claim that proton
also possesses dualism, that is, it possesses both corpuscular and wave
qualities. Wave qualities of photon were discovered at passing proton through
crystalline grating. Arisen at this diffraction picture was accepted by the
scientists as the fact that witnesses about the possession of wave qualities by
proton.
But
imagine, dear reader, that a stone with the weight in 60 kg was thrown into the
lake. Then I jump into the lake. The scientist, sitting on the bank of this
lake, studies the waves and comes to conclusion: as waves are identical,
consequently these two bodies which create waves are identical too. But you
understand, dear reader, that there is difference between the author of these
lines and a stone. And crystalline grating is that lake in which both electron
and proton are falling. And then the scientists studies the formed diffraction
picture and tries to explain the inner structure of the particles. Isn't it
funny?
*
* *
In course
of time, some stars are cooled and turn to planets. The top layers of stars at
first are cooled. They practically do not contain helium, but they contain all
other elements of substance. The bottom layers are gradually cooled. And than
below layer, the is more in it an element helium. And at the center of a star, planet - Charge, which
rotates, and around of it helium-II, helium-I, 4He, 3He.
And on the
cooled stars, planets, new notions of "space" and "time"
appear. Space and time on these planets depend on size of the gravitation field
and on speed of rotation. There appear other conditions for development of new
Genesis. For inner inhabitants of these artificially created material systems,
their space and time would seem absolute for them. They will use geometry of
The man
again will ponder over of a riddle of the micro-world.
The circle will
lock.
*
* *
We live in
the best of the worlds- in the three-dimensional world, three-dimensional
measurement ( height, length, width). Why is this world the best one?
If the world had been two- dimensional, the
full-fledged life would not have been able to develop there because atoms would
have been super stable, it would have been impossible
to tear
electrons from nucleuses.
We live in
the best of the worlds- on the planet of Earth.
The planet
of Earth is a paradise corner in our Galactic.
If we can not know how to live in this
paradise,
that is our
individual and commonly human problem.
* *
*
The main
aim of the research is discovering of the common picture of nature.
The receipt of the exact result is already
consequence of the understanding of the general picture of the occurring
process. The theory described by me is schematic. But even from this very
general description, one can make out the picture of the creation of stars, the
creation of gravitation and material
particles.
I hope that
there will be professionals who will be interested in the given idea and they
will be
able to create the process of star formation since superlow
temperatures
(theories
of Kapitza,
Landau and Andronikashvili).
2003-2008 @ Copyright Israel Sadovnik
טכנאי מחשבים תל אביב