§ 7.

The explanation of the secret of the formation of

The material (p), the mystery of which is revealed in

the Theory of the structure of the Stars.

 

(Back to Contents)

 

The problem of material occupies a central part in the science. Under the word "material the initial material, from which everything in the Universe is built " is understood. The earth, air, water, fauna and flora, stars surround us, all these objects consist of different atoms. The simplest atom is considered the atom of hydrogen. The atom of hydrogen consists of one electron and one proton. Where from electron originates was explained in the previous paragraphs of this book. But where from did proton, the initial particle of the material world originate in nature? The theory of the origin of Stars will help us to understand this question.

*     *     *

It is possible to divide all cosmogony theories, into two models "cold" and "hot". The supporters of the first model approve, that the initial material, of which the heavenly bodies were formed, was at first cold, and then began to warm up. The defence counsels of the second model prove opposite: the initial material initially was hot, and its cooling occurred further. Concepts "cold" and "hot" is connected to concept "heat". That is why let us analyze first the sphere of physics- thermodynamics. Thermodynamics originated as the science of processes that occur in thermal machines (for instance, in thermal boilers), that is, as the science of the transformation of heat into mechanical movement. Such scientists as S. Karno, U. Mayer, G. Joel, W. Thomson and R. Clausius and others discovered many laws in this direction. At that, all researchers noted the fact that "heat does not transfer self arbitrary from cold body to hotter one". (The second law of thermodynamics). This formulation underlines one-direction of real earth process. But what is interesting, this law carries exceptionally probable character. That is, it is impossible to claim to hundred percent that the second law of thermodynamics is a one-direction process. The probable basis of the process means, is possibility of the back process as well. But no one really imagines the sense of this back process.

In 1860, quite a new notion appeared in thermodynamics. The unity of thermodynamics cracked. German scientist G. Kirchhoff  laid out the foundation of new direction- the theory of "the radiation of absolute black body". In the science there occurred a big gap that later laid out the basis of quantum theory. But nobody valued and noticed this big gap in the science. Now the scientists began to analyze the interaction between heat and radiation and not between heat and mechanic movement as they analyzed earlier.  Then they began to analyze the theory of interaction of heat and radiation in the other scale- in a cosmic one. But while studying the radiation of cosmic space and connecting it with heat, they still use old notions about thermodynamics and exactly that "heat does not transfer self-arbitrary from cold body to hotter one". Thought remained on the previous mechanic level. They still consider that if heat transforms from hot to cold in thermal boilers, then in cosmic space there must act the same principle. And with this mechanic view, the scientists want to understand the process of the origin of the star.

But isn't it funny to imagine the cosmic space as a thermal machine, or as a blowing up nuclear bomb, if the cosmic space itself is characterized by super low temperatures? The superlow temperatures of space are the evident fact. And only in separate, its local areas this temperature is broken Does not the legal question arise: "How in this cosmic space can initially originate high temperatures, huge densities?" And the scientists immediately accept high temperatures and huge densities for the basis of the theory, not explaining their origin. In the given chapter I offer the reader to analyze the back process how stars are formed from the Kingdom of the eternal cold, from Vacuum  T=-273,16ºC.

 

*     *     *

The theory of occurrence of stars is closely connected to the theory of gravitation.

Newton was the first who created the Theory of gravitation. This law explains interconnection between two gravitational mass already existed. But cause and physical nature of the gravitation remained misunderstood. Concerning this, Newton wrote in "The beginnings": "Till now I explained celestial phenomena and flow of our seas on the basis of force of gravitation, but I did not pointed out the cause of gravitation itself". "The cause… I could not derive from the phenomena, whereas I do not invent hypotheses".

Completely differently, at the end of 1915 А.Einstein, has created the theory of gravitation (GRT). This theory approves, that the presence of mass bends space. And the curvature of space influences displacement of beams of light (quantums of light). Such interrelation of mass, space and quantums of light was surprising, but in 1919 this theory was experimentally confirmed

However in GRT two basic problems are not decided:

1)          that is a source (energy - pulse) of a gravitational field,

2)          what mass of particles forms a gravitational field.

That is this  theory can not apply for a detailed, concrete, evident picture of occurrence of a gravitational field, occurrence of stars.

                                  

*     *     *

What  substance serves an initial basis of a structure of a Star.

The ancient man considered, that the universe is not settled only with seen matter, that there is an invisible matter. To the same opinion also scientists came. They speak, that more than 90 % of substance in the universe is represented with latent mass. But nobody knows, what this is. Others speak, that on one atom of hydrogen it is necessary 109  of relict particles - quantums of light. In what reason is such a huge difference? The answer is not present.

 In other words - there is no answer to a question: " Where has a matter undertaken from?".

 Let's assume, that an initial material for construction of seen substance in the Universe is latent mass, relict primary quantums of light (virtual particles, antiparticle), existing at Т=0К.

 How from latent mass, from primary quantums of light is the seen matter created?

This question is answered with the theory of formation of Stars.   

*     *     *

Again we shall consider model of an absolutely black body, in which the thermal balance is equal 0K (heat is absent). On such model it is possible to understand processes occurring in an empire of an eternal cold  T=0K.

1) Let us suppose that in some local sphere of Vacuum there was found the quantity of the passive particles R/NA=k that is equal to the number Avogadro NA.

2) If quantum of light having impulse of Planck h will penetrate in area of an absolutely black body, the impulse of this quantum will not change a condition of the absolutely black body.

3) But if quantum of light having impulse of Goudsmit-Uhlenbeck ћ=nh/2p will penetrate in area of an absolutely black body by energy E=ћw and charge e=±Öaћc, thermal balance will be disturbed.  The actively rotating particle with energy E=ћw results in chaotic movement surrounding it passive particles  R/NA=k.

4) Some volume is forming.

Then the further process will receive the development if the space forms, which contains the quantity of the particles that is equal to the constant of Loschmidt NL. Where are these particles? They are on the external border of the created volume.

5) Why do not theses passive relict quantums of light fly away?

 What serves as "walls" in the process of the stars creation? Because their quantity in the given local sphere is so big, the farther from the center quantums of light create " the effect of the wall" and do not let the closer to electron particles fly away into different sides.

*     *     *

 

 Thus a source of a gravitational field is the potential energy of a particle E0=M0c2,

expressed in its active form  E=ћw,  e=±Öaћc.

 The remaining particles R/NA=k are passive participants (victims) of the creating

 gravitation field.

                                                           *     *     *

The rotary particle creates isolated space. And what mass should be of this actively rotating particle? The average density of the substance in the Universe is p=10-30 g/cm3. This density is not able to isolate the vacuum space. The scientists say: "That if the density was  p=10-29 g/cm3 less than the space would isolate “. The scientists found the particle that is able to isolate the space. This particle is electron. The mass of electron  9.10-28 gram is that minimal mass that is able to isolate the vacuum space.

*     *     *

We shall take into account, that the processes occur at super low temperatures, and, hence, it is required to consider such phenomena as: superconductivity, super viscosity, super fluidity

The rotary particle possesses the energy E=ћω and the charge e=±√αћc. It is surrounded by the huge quantity of passive relict quantums of light R/NA=k, the quantity of which is equal to the number of Loschmidt  NL. They do not show any electric resistance to the rotary electron, the energy of which develops completely, without any loss. The scientists called this phenomenon superconductivity. Then near the actively rotating electron the first layer of the particles (rest quantums of light, latent mass) forms, which are characterized by the physical state that received the name of helium-II.

*     *     *

In 1908, Holland physicist Kamerlinhg-Onness first succeeded to liquate helium.

 Helium is liquefy (turns into liquid) at the temperature 4,2K. It turned out that helium

 is the only element that does not become solid at normal pressure in the liquid state, no matter how deep it was cooled. At such temperature, all other gases become solid as a piece of ice. But helium turns into transparent liquid that reminds carbonated water. Such a behavior of helium is the challenge to the whole classic physics that claims that any movement stops at absolute zero.

 Everything must freeze.

But helium remains liquid and does not submit to low of “internal rest “.

 How should one explain this contradiction?

 Insubordination to the laws of classic physics means only one thing - the inner structure

of this element completely differs from the inner structure of the material particles, material substance. This structure refers to relict photons. Relict photons belong to the other reference system - Vacuum, where they submit to the laws of quantum physics.

Thus, one should to analyze the process of the star structure with the theory of helium at super low temperatures.

*     *     *

Helium II originates at the temperature, which minimally differs from absolute T=0K and  keeps the properties up to temperature  2,17K. Helium II possesses completely exceptional physical qualities. The most wonderful quality is its extraordinary big thermal conductivity- super thermal conductivity. Together with that, helium II turned out to be super fluid. It turned out that only extremely thin covering that is neighboring with actively rotating particle (electron) possesses super thermal conductivity, super fluidness. The unique super thermal conductivity of extremely thin covering is explained by its super fluidness. The speed of super fluidness of this unique covering consisting of passive relict photons is approximately 1000 m/s. This speed exceeds speed of flight of the bullet. And the energy of actively rotating electron serves as the source of this movement. Thus, there is layer of the resting particles that is suddenly warmed up. The first thin layer is super fluid and moves with the speed 1000 m/s. This layer goes away and the next one comes immediately instead of it. There occurs the constant circulation. And the speed of the first layer gradually reduces till the speed of sound that is equal to  230 m/s.

The transformation of quickly driven particles helium II to other layer of particles causes change of a condition of this layer. The next layer after helium II received the name of helium I.

Helium I is extremely transparent element. It originates at the temperature that is higher than T=2,17K. The most important quality of it, as the scientists say, is that "even light, falling on it, already forces it to boil". That is, even the smallest warming up of this layer causes its boiling; it means that it represents the boiling liquid. The borders of helium I extend to the temperature  T=4,2K. The theoretical explanation of superfluidity of helium was given by the soviet scientists L. Landau in 1941.

*     *     *

Soviet scientist P.Kapitza discovered super fluidness of helium in 1938. In experimental works, led by Kapitza, liquid helium was wormed up by weak electric current and there occurred process of circulation of particles (helium II).

 I applied to the experiment, led by Kapitza, to the explanation of the star structure. I am very grateful to him for that. By the way, I must be grateful to all those scientists, who created the science. I again would have remained in ignorance without their work, without their help.

*     *     *

Actively rotating electron gradually puts into circular movement passive relict photons, and all the system comes to rotary movement But helium rotates differently from all other liquids.

 If one rotates helium very strongly, it starts to behave not as liquid but as elastic body (experience of E.L.Аndronikashvili - Georgia). Separate layers of helium become elastic straps that change the picture of quiet uniform rotation completely. At such rotation there originates sharp friction between different layers of the liquid. From rotary elastic straps the slices of substance of various size come off. Further they break to particles that received the names of Helium-three  3He  and Helium-four  4He.  The common thermal temperature increases in liquid.

 

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Rotation and collision of the particles  3He  and  4He  at some stage leads to their further crush to small particles, that received the name of the nucleus of hydrogen atom- proton (p). Protons are initial, the smallest, material particles.

The most widespread elements in stars are helium and hydrogen. Our Sun consists of helium to  30%  and of hydrogen to  69%. Is found that in external layers of our Sun on 1kg of hydrogen it was necessary 270g of helium. In deeper layers on 1kg of hydrogen it is necessary 590g of helium. Thus than it is more deep into Sun the more helium. And in the central area is helium-II, helium-I. Only  1%  of material substance fits to all remaining elements. Therefore, reaction between helium, hydrogen and initial particles go basically on the Sun.

 All the elements of the material substance are created from the initial particles (k).

 

*     *     *

They say, that the important role in space is played by the theory of black holes.

The approximate circuit of star formation can be the theories, developed

by Schwarzschild, by Kerr-Newman and by Hawking.

The first stage:

Unrotative mini-black hole.

It is necessary to take into account:

Electrical charge (constant quantity)

Mass helium II and helium I (environmental charge)

Effect of superconductivity takes place in such condition: ħω>kT.

Temperature of this area from 2,17К up to 4,2K.

The second stage:

Rotating (not radiating) mini-black hole.

It is necessary to take into account new parameters:

The angular moment of rotation.

Mass of rotating elastic helium.

The area of a surface and volume of system.

Process takes place in such condition: ħω>kT.

The third stage:

Rotating and radiating mini-black hole.

From rotating elastic helium the various pieces come off which in result

collision form helium -IV, helium -III.

As a result of their further splitting the protons (р)  are formed.

The common thermal temperature increases.

Helium -IV, helium -III, the protons cooperate with relictive photon (γ) and occurs

thermonuclear reaction. In the beginning, the thermonuclear reaction occurs only in separate local sites and it is directed from the central area to a surface.

Temperature, area of a surface and volume of system sharply grow.

This process takes place in such condition: ħω<kT.

The fourth stage.

Gradually there is a thin continuous spherical area with the thermonuclear reaction.

 This process is described by the theory of radiation of optical thin plasma.

The fifth stage.

The process is described by the theory of radiation of optical thick plasma.

Task.

On this scheme to construct developing stepwise model of star formation.

 

*     *     *

Now it is considered, that the nuclear reaction in stars occurs from decomposition of nucleuses

of hydrogen  under the circuit:  41H®4He+2b+2v.

Whence the Hydrogen (H) has appeared – they do not explain.

Why it is decomposed on helium (He), antielectron (b), neutrons (v), - it is not clear.

My point of view is completely opposite.

 

*     *     *

According to the principle of Boltzmann, the gathering of the particles in some local sphere of Vacuum has a probable basis  S=klnW.  But these particles are passive. At the initial stage of their birth, they cannot move in Vacuum. And then the questions arise: "Is it casual that the number of the particles that is equal to Avogadro number gathered in the local sphere?" "And did not Vacuum calculate and give birth to the enough number of k particles to create a new star in this local sphere of space?" It seems to me that this process is not casual. It seems to me that stars and planets are rotating on their own orbits not casually. It seems to me that someone had to plan all this.

"The Universe is something mental".

*     *     *

One of the consequences of GRT is deviation of the light beams near the gravitation field.

Rotary gravitation mass changes the thermal state of Vacuum in the local sphere. This changed local sphere received the name of gravitation field. And then as the cold air aspires into warm space, so other quanta of light, passing near gravitation field, can divert from their way or be captured with gravitation field. Then gravitation field more and more capture them inside itself. Then their gradual deformation occurs and they burn down after all in thermonuclear reactions.

Thus, the quantums of light serves both source of creation of material particles, and source of maintenance thermonuclear of reactions in stars.

In other words, these quantums of light bring themselves in a victim for creation of material Existence.

In a science this effect of "sacrifice" has received the name " red displacement ". Now it  is considered, that " the red displacement " is a consequence of divergence of galaxies in result

 " of the Big-bang ". But the true reason " of red displacement " is the deformation

of quantum of light in gravitational fields.

And those quanta of light, which succeeded to avoid the capture by gravitation field, to avoid the lot of "the particles of sacrifice ", can continue their existence, their evolution.

Practically in all ancient religions the ritual of " sacrifice " exists.

 Maybe now their sources will be clear.

Quantum of light is a spiritual, conscious particle. Life is a means to reduce monotonousness

of the eternity for it. For that, it must show its inner impulse. The active work is its main desire. And having avoided gravitational capture, it continues evolution. Having avoided gravitational capture, it obtained a new psychological experience for itself- fear to be captured into gravitation field.

 

*     *     *

It is possible that the surprised reader will ask: "What fantasies are these?

How do you know that the psychological feeling – fear - captures the initial particle?"

I answer. I know from my personal experience.

I am standing pressed from all the sides by the passengers of the bus. I feel bitterly and pain breaks my breast. Suddenly something tore away from my heart and rushed high. And only thin silver string kept this something with the heart. As it moved away, the string became thinner and thinner and already the whole of it vibrated of tension. And this something already reached the sun and being frightened of its hot gravitation field, diverted aside in fear. And the string rang and it seemed that it would break off at any moment. But suddenly this something began to return fast and hided in my breast, in my heart. I recovered my senses and looked around amazingly. The bus rushed, human voices made noise monotonously and nobody saw that I was in the other measurement, I returned from the other world. The string succeeded this time.

Involuntary, tears appeared in the corners of my eyes.

Not having some religious experience, I could not write this book.

By the way, taking into account a paradoxical situation in quantum physics, Schrodinger, in

 one his letter, wrote:

 " As though quantum theory did not become the theory describing psychological processes ".

 Probably, he has written it in a joke. However this joke once again emphasizes depth

 of unusual behaviour micro particle describing by quantum theory.

*     *     *

Stars are not only the source of heat in the Universe. In stars the most important process- the burning of relict quantums of light occurs and the formation of the material particles of them. And in the first turn, the simplest one that received the name of proton.

But even till now, the scientists do not see structural, qualitative difference between quantums of light, electron and other particles, for example, proton.

In 1924, L.de Broglie supposed that all particles have double nature. That is why now the scientists claim that proton also possesses dualism, that is, it possesses both corpuscular and wave qualities. Wave qualities of photon were discovered at passing proton through crystalline grating. Arisen at this diffraction picture was accepted by the scientists as the fact that witnesses about the possession of wave qualities by proton.

But imagine, dear reader, that a stone with the weight in 60 kg was thrown into the lake. Then I jump into the lake. The scientist, sitting on the bank of this lake, studies the waves and comes to conclusion: as waves are identical, consequently these two bodies which create waves are identical too. But you understand, dear reader, that there is difference between the author of these lines and a stone. And crystalline grating is that lake in which both electron and proton are falling. And then the scientists studies the formed diffraction picture and tries to explain the inner structure of the particles. Isn't it funny?

*     *     *

In course of time, some stars are cooled and turn to planets. The top layers of stars at first are cooled. They practically do not contain helium, but they contain all other elements of substance. The bottom layers are gradually cooled. And than below layer, the is more in it an element helium. And at the  center of a star, planet - Charge, which rotates, and around of it helium-II, helium-I, 4He, 3He.

And on the cooled stars, planets, new notions of "space" and "time" appear. Space and time on these planets depend on size of the gravitation field and on speed of rotation. There appear other conditions for development of new Genesis. For inner inhabitants of these artificially created material systems, their space and time would seem absolute for them. They will use geometry of Euclid at the measurements and they will consider the laws of Newton and Maxwell in way of life. However, used to say Minkowski : "Henceforth space itself and time itself must turn to fiction and only some kind of union of both must still save independence". Then someone will begin to study the micro-world and will find out dualistic behaviour of particles and that the energy is distributed not continuously, but quantums, that exist an internal impulse of a particle. He will be surprised with this fact.

The man again will ponder over of a riddle of the micro-world.

The circle will lock.

 

 

*     *     *

We live in the best of the worlds- in the three-dimensional world, three-dimensional measurement ( height, length, width). Why is this world the best one?

 If the world had been two- dimensional, the full-fledged life would not have been able to develop there because atoms would have been super stable, it would have been impossible

to tear electrons from nucleuses.

Holland physicist P.Ehrenfest showed that in spaces where there are more than three coordinates, the stable systems cannot exist. They are not stable. In such world, electrons could not rotate around the nucleuses stably. It turns out that it is our fortune that we live in the three-dimensional world. More than that, if our world had not been three-dimensional, life simply would not have appeared in it.

We live in the best of the worlds- on the planet of Earth.

The planet of Earth is a paradise corner in our Galactic.

 If we can not know how to live in this paradise,

that is our individual and commonly human problem.

*     *     *

The main aim of the research is discovering of the common picture of nature.

 The receipt of the exact result is already consequence of the understanding of the general picture of the occurring process. The theory described by me is schematic. But even from this very general description, one can make out the picture of the creation of stars, the creation of gravitation  and material particles.

I hope that there will be professionals who will be interested in the given idea and they

will be able to create the process of star formation since superlow temperatures

(theories  of Kapitza, Landau and Andronikashvili).


2003-2008 @ Copyright Israel Sadovnik
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