§ 4.
The explanation of occurrence of activity of
quantum of light,
The formulas of active work of quantum of light
,
follows, that it obtains consciousness.
Thus, as it is known, at the beginning God
created light. But, unfortunately, he did not explain to anyone how he did it.
The scientists themselves had to solve this mystery of occurrence of light. For
all that, almost simultaneously two opposite theories of qualities and
structure of light emerged.
Isaac Newton knew that light possesses both
corpuscle and wave qualities.
But he preferred corpuscle theory. He thought
that light consists of particles (corpuscle), because such an obvious notion
easily explained the most elementary fact: its rectilinear dissemination. Only
because of that during the whole XVIII in physics corpuscle theory reigned,
although not absolutely.
However, a contemporary of
The XX-th century came, and it brought the
quanta of Planck and Einstein. Again, the corpuscle theory claimed its rights
on the reigned position. But the wave theory was quite strong to withstand its
aggressive intentions. The result of the battle between them was a draw. The
tired scientists, describing that battle, did not see the winner and that is
why decided that quantum of light has a dual nature (dualism). It is also the
particle (corpuscle) and, together with that, possesses the wave qualities. In
1924, Einstein concluded:
"So, now we have two theories of light,
both are necessary and, as we have to admit today, existing without any logical
interconnection, in spite of twenty years of great efforts of the physicists -
theoreticians ".
Not twenty years but centuries physicists
searched for logical interconnection between these two theories. A particle and
a wave are two different objects in nature. A stone, thrown into water, creates
waves. It is clear. But the stone itself cannot be the wave. The wave is
derivative from the stone's activity. And in the case of quantum of light it is
ascribed its contradictory unity. Nobody could explain such dual nature. Gone
to extremes by the unsolved riddle, N. Bohr decided to turn “evil of
contradiction” into “kindness of complementarily”.
"Who earlier mutually excluded each
other, will add each other", he decided
Bohr was so sure in truth of his It is a simple
"principle of complementability ", while receiving the rank of nobleman
and personal coat of arms for the scientific merits, he took Chinese symbol YIN
and YANG with the inscription "Opposites add each other" for the
emblem of the coat of arms. There were not strict proofs with that, the
principle was counted as a philosophical one. In the course of time, more and
more researchers agreed with this principle. But the principle of Bohr is not
wise because it aspires to unite objects that exclude each other and is not
desired to those, which disturb the critical search of truth.
German scientist M. Born also aspired to find
the way that allows to fit on the notion about particles and waves. As a
connecting link among them, he saw in a probable approach. He explained the
interconnection between the particle and wave with the probable psi-function (ψ). It allowed coordinating the
theory with the experiment in a wonderful way. But it is impossible to imagine
this wave connected with psi-function (ψ) as something material. It was one more
attempt to understand the essence of quantum of light.
But
Einstein always underlined that probable interpretation is correct but it does
not reflect the reality completely. He said that under probable interpretation
there must be hidden deeper essence. He wrote:
"I still believe in the possibility to create
a model (theory), that will be able to expose the essences themselves and not
only probabilities of their manifestations".
Just such a
theory that exposes "the essences themselves" is revealed on the
pages of this book.
In all the
textbooks of physics is written that elementary particles (quantum of light,
electron) possess "complex inner structure". How do the scientists
imagine this "complex inner structure" of the particle? They do not
have the answer to this question. The criterion of elementariness is not still fixed.
It is clear, that elementary particle already cannot consist of other
particles. Then of what does "complex inner structure of elementary
particle" consist?
Some scientists say that "the
complexness" is connected with the transference of this elementary
particle into other elementary particles and give the example: if particle will
take a run to the speed of light on accelerator and to push it with other
elementary particle, the appearance of new elementary particles is seen. It is
a mad, violent method of knowledge that does not explain the inner structure of
the particle.
Some scientists see the complexness of the
inner structure of the elementary particle in its geometrical form. That is why
recently they started to develop toroidal model of quantum of light. According
to toroidal model, the quantum of light represents a ring in the form of tore
(cracknel). It is claimed, that with the help of this model, one can explain
all the famous light phenomena: both corpuscle and wave. However, this hypothesis
does not take into account interaction a psrticle with Vacuum, in which the
notion of "volume" is excluded. And a flat cracknel in Vacuum is a
very complex figure, which demands to take into account many additional powers.
Toroidal model is purely mathematical abstraction. If one would not take into
consideration the initial condition of Genesis, but analyze arbitrary
mathematical models, then, as it is known, a “famous horse Pegas hovered in the
sky”. And we really see it in the cartoons.
*
* *
Corpuscle qualities of quantum of light are shown
at the impulse of Planck h=1.
At such an impulse, the quantum of light moves
uniformly-rectilinearly with
the constant speed c=1.
But light has also wave properties. How to
explain occurrence of this property?
The simple movement of the quantum of light
does not reflect all its qualities completely. Therefore it is possible to
assume, that quantum of light has one more kind of movement.
In what is this movement special?
The feature of the quantum of light is that it sends
its inner impulse not along its circumference. Now the quantum of light
transfers its impulse (the center of gravity) to the edge
of the
circumference under some angle α to its plane.
a
A 0 B
a - the angle impulse of the particle
AB -
diameter
This impulse is center-impetuous power,
directed to the center of rotation.
Because
of this action, the particle, remaining in its place, exits from the condition
of balance and obtains rotatory movement (spin) around its diameter AB. All the
square of the
circle S=π R² rotates around its diameter. This rotation is
local (in its place) and is not connected with the movement of the particle. At
this rotation, the form of the circle changes to the form of the sphere. Now
the correlation C/D is already smaller than π: C/D < π.
Once more, I will underline that this inner
impulse is caused not with external powers; this is innate quality of the
particle.
As a result
of rotation, not only geometrical form of the particle changes but also its
physical parameters. These changes mathematically are reflected in
transformations of Lorentz.
It is assumed
now, that the transformations of Lorentz are connected to rectilinear movement
of a particle. It is wrong.
The correct
answer to it has been given only in 1925 by the Dutch physics S. Goudsmit and
G. Uhlenbeck. They came to conclusion that micro particles must possess own
rotated movement, which they called "spin" that means "to rotate".
Just this impulse causes the rotation of the particle, which is described by
the transformations of Lorenz.
Later,
other physicists (W. Pauli and P. Dirack) confirmed this idea. Now this fact
(the rotation of the particle around its diameter) is the law. In any textbook
on physics it is said that spin is inner quality of the particle, that it is its
own angle moment, own moment of impulse. This impulse is describe with the formula: ћ = h/ 2 π.
Thus,
everyone recognizes, that there is an inner impulse of a particle .In one cases
they speak about a impulse Planck h, forcing a particle to move
uniformly-rectilinearly.
In other
cases it is spoken about an impulse Goudsmit-Uhlenbeck ћ = h/ 2 π, forcing a particle to rotate
around his diameter. But now scientists do not understand deep qualitative distinction
between these two kinds of action. I explain essence of these two inner
impulses and distinctions between them. Thus, dualism of a particle is not a riddle
any more. It is solved.
* *
*
So, we have
an elementary particle. It is quantum of light that possesses complex inner
structure. The complexness of this inner structure is connected with changes of
its geometrical form under the influence of its inner impulse. Thus, quantum of
light can be in three conditions:
a) in
the condition of rest
circle - C/D=π impulse- h=0
b)
in the condition of uniform-rectilinear movement c=1
form - ellipse impulse- h=1
c)
condition of rotation (spin)
form - sphere (geoid) impulse ћ = h/ 2 π
Quantum of light is in Vacuum. Nothing influence
on it. It is independent and decides alone in which of the three conditions it
wants to be. And the ability to make decisions independently when and in what
conditions it would be witnesses the presence of consciousness in the particle.
This consciousness cannot be frozen. This consciousness develops "from
vague wish to bright thought" to manifestation. Such explanation seems
incredible to our modern world. It does not enter both scientific and religious
frames of the modern world outlook. The people, who have devoted to a science, were sure that they analyze
and open only material soulless particles. And suddenly it turned out (whether
they wanted it or not) that formulas, equations and laws on the level of micro
world describe the processes in Vacuum connected with Conscious, Spiritual,
Living particle. It is very difficult to change points of views formed from
childhood. The only hope is on the critical logical wisdom of a person who
possesses courage to throw away both scientific and religious prejudices in the
aspiration to know the truth.
*
* *
The most important fundamental quality of the
particle is own rotation of the particle (impulse Goudsmit and Uhlenbeck).
Transformation phenomenons in nature are connected with this rotation. Great
physicists of the past felt and understood it. That is why, for the first time,
a French physicist L. de Broglie undertook explanation of existence of various
particles, proceeding from rotatory (spin) impulse of the particle. He concluded
that "combining" particles with half-integer spins, it is possible to
receive the variety of elementary particles. And out of them de Broglie
mathematically combines other wave functions. Approximately, after 30 years in
1958, W. Heisenberg reanalyzed this idea. He dreamed to prove the unity of
various powers of interactions, proceeding from one power - half-integer spins.
As a result, he created the system of not linear differential equations (not
linear spinier theory). The idea of this theory is that the excitement of the
field itself appears not because of interaction with other fields but because
of interaction with itself. However, the solution of this not linear
differential equation of Heisenberg is connected with such mathematical
difficulties that until now they did not succeed to receive a final result. And
they add that "some obviousness is out of the question ".
Isn't it nonsense?
Just concerning this work of Heisenberg, N.
Bohr said: "We have a mad theory in front of us. The question is if it is
mad enough to be true". Why did Bohr call this theory mad? Because to
ascribe the particle self-action (self-excitement) means to ascribe it germs of
wisdom and will power. The particle decides itself when to get excited, when to
start action.
And to
ascribe consciousness, wisdom and power to elementary particles seems to be
madness for the modern scientific world. From the school bench, a person is
taught that physics is a science about unlively nature. And suddenly we have to admit that on the level of micro world
physics studies living particles that possess consciousness. But if we will
follow up the history of physics, we will see that such point of view did not always
exist. At the beginning, the scientists divided powers of material into two
kinds: living and unliving. But gradually not finding living, innate power,
they forgot about it.
However,
now SRT and Quantum theory return us to the idea of living innate power. These
theories claim that to the particle "its own impulse" is peculiar,
with the help of which it can act. Thus, the idea about living, spiritual particle
like the bird
* *
*
Now the
scientists describe the birth of quantum of light in such a way: physical Vacuum,
they say,
is "not an empty space", although there is none real particle in it,
there are
"virtual
particles" there.
Besides, in
Vacuum, they say, "null vibration of electromagnet field" exists.
If the
energy of this “null field” changes into excited state, then, one quantum with
the energy E=ћω" appeared in space. There is lack of concreteness in this general
idea and that is why scientists try to get rid of this state in some way. And
they invented such "scientific formulation": every virtual-quantum
particle is connected with vacuum state by means of correlation
y1=a+y0
.
y1- the
condition of quant particle (of the field)
a+ - operator of the birth
Ψ0-vacuum's state
It is a very good formula. The problem is
that essence of the birth of the particle from the Vacuum remained ciphered.
Physical essence of the operator of the birth is not clear. The birth of new
physical state of the particle remained unopened. Again simple general
"formula puzzle" is given, not explaining the concrete details of the
birth of the particle.
*
* *
The basis of the scientific bible consists of
classic mechanics, thermodynamics, SRT, and quantum physics. The first law of
2003-2008 @ Copyright Israel Sadovnik
טכנאי מחשבים תל אביב