§3.
The explanation of conditions of
origin of motion of primary particle,
from which follows that it
is a quantum of light.
The formulas of the
movement of quantum of light – Spiritual particles.
In modern science, there are two
alternative points of view on behavior of particles in Vacuum. One point of
view is position of classic physics, which claims that in Vacuum at Т=-273,16°С any motion of particles ceases. And if in
Kingdom of cold there is no motion, it is a dead kingdom, and no one may speak
about it.
But other point of view completely rejects this
formulation.
This
point of view is expressed with the Quantum theory. It claims that Vacuum is
not an empty dead space, and "virtual" particles live and show
themselves in it. They are in constant movement. These particles have originally
negative and imaginary mass, and then make "virtual transition" and
get positive mass, become real particles (for example, electrons).
But the Science does not explain how these mystical "virtual
particles" look, how they make "virtual transitions".
The Nobel prize
winner, American physicist Richard Feynman explains the application of a principle of virtuality in such a way:
" We are obliged to imagine ourselves that our system has
hardly moved, even if it did not move actually or is not capable to move. We use
small imagined movement to apply a principle of energy conservation".
And such
explanation is everywhere: "slightly has moved, slightly has changed"
"not quite big small movement". What a sacred innocence it is!
"Slightly has changed" and then they say that it is not a
"sin", that it is not a deception, that it
is not essentially. But to explain the situation so arbitrary and not concretely is a big "sin" and
self-deception. At level of microcosm, it is impossible to concern scornfully
even to the slightest action of the particle because its action can cause disturbance
of uniformity of Vacuum. And it entails other changes, too.
If ancient religions approved that Emptiness
(Vacuum) is not emptiness, but there are "virtual spiritual
particles" in it, it was the unsubstantiated statement without formulas,
equations and physical laws. But the science should explain natural phenomena
particularly. The science should explain, using formulas, equations and laws,
how real particles are born from "virtual particles". Without such
explanation and proof, the language of science is similar to the dogmatic
sermon of the cleric.
*
* *
From ancient times scientists aspired to find
primary particle with the help of which it would be possible to explain all
further variety of Genesis. And indeed, the required particle is found, but it
is in a condition of rest:
R/NА=k c2=E0/M0 С/D=p
The eternal monotonous condition of rest does
not prove to be true by the visual Picture of the world. The world is diverse.
Then it is logical to assume that the direct reason of occurrence of variety in
the universe is the movement of these originally based primary particles. The
classical mechanics of
But in
Vacuum we analyze an independent particle in condition of rest, which does not
experience external influence. And if contrary to the classical mechanics,
there is a movement; it means that the reason of the movement is internal
energy of the particle. Scientists aspired from ancient times to explain the
development of nature, proceeding only from the simplest conditions of
movements. It was the dream of
"…to distinguish forces of a nature,according to the phenomena
of movement, and then to explain other phenomena according to these
forces." This program of
*
* *
What is the reason of the beginning of the
movement in Vacuum?
In order to understand this question, we shall
analyze "the Theory of thermal radiation of absolutely black body ".
The most widespread radiation in the Nature is
thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is peculiar to all the bodies at any
temperature, which is distinct from Absolute zero. The first, who started to
study interrelation of heat with radiation was German physicist G.Kirchhoff in
1859. In order to understand radiation, he devised the imaginary model, which
received the name of absolutely black body (Vacuum radiation of Kirchhoff /Max Laue / ).
The small aperture can serve as the most perfect model of black body in an
opaque wall of the closed cavity. The beam of light, getting inside of such
cavity, is reflected repeatedly by walls of cavity and practically does not
leave back, i.e. absolutely black body can completely absorb radiant energy. If to heat up walls of this cavity to some temperature a radiation
will be. This radiation, leaving through a small aperture and getting
into prism, decomposes, and it is possible to study its spectral (radiating)
characteristic.
Thus it turned out that at different
temperatures absolutely black body radiates differently. At low temperatures
(short waves, high frequency) the characteristic of radiation is defined by V.
Vine's formula. At high temperatures (long waves, small frequency), the
characteristic of radiation is defined by formula of D. Riley and D. Jeans. It
turned out that there are two laws for one and the same phenomenon but which do
not coordinate with each other. Many scientists understood an illogicality of
this situation and aspired to find the formula, which would unite these two
kinds of radiation.
The German physicist M. Planck in 1900 succeeded
in it. Planck offered to examine the radiation emanating from absolutely black
body, as separate portions (quantum). This idea was in the sharp contradiction
with representations of classical physics, which considers, that the radiation
is a continuous physical process. And suddenly it has appeared,
that the radiation consists of strict portions, quantums.
This contradiction was surprising.
The Planck marked a separate
portion of quantum radiation by the letter h, and then it received a title
of constant of Planck. This value is described with a formula (h=Et) and has a title of «the
least quantum of action», “ internal impulse of particle”.
How evidently to understand this
occurrence of an internal impulse of a particle?
The particle rests in Vacuum. Its internal
impulse is equal to zero: h=0.
But to stay in the eternal condition of rest is
"a boring picture".
The eternal monotony is awful. The Vacuum does
not influence on the particle in any way. Therefore, the reason of exit from
the condition of rest and occurrence of movement should be hidden in the
particle itself. The particle itself should produce some active action in order
to change its condition of rest.
What is the simplest action the particle can
produce?
The form of the particle is circle. From all
simple geometrical figures, the circle has the most optimum and symmetric form.
In each point, the circle is arranged identically. So, if we send some strong
enough impulse into any point of circle it will cause its rotation. It reminds
the rotation of a wheel when a push with a certain force on edge of
circumference actuates the whole wheel. The particle produces just such
phenomenon in Vacuum. At some moment the initial particle transfers all its
internal impulse to one direction - on ledge and longwise of circumference.
This internal impulse is congenital quality of the particle. Carrying over of
the internal impulse is connected to the change of the center of gravity of the
particle. If earlier the mass of to the particle was distributed equally, now
the center of its mass under action of internal impulse was displaced to edge
of a circumference. Former impulse h=0 changed.
Now impulse of the particle becomes a whole one and equal to: h=1. This
impulse takes the particle from an equilibrium state and informs it uniformly -
rectilinear motion with constant speed c = 1 in a direction to impulse.
Schematically we shall map all
three condition of the particle in such a way:
h=0
h=1/2 h=1
Condition of Condition
of Condition
of
rest hesitation movement
At impulse h = 1, potential
energy of the particle Е0 = М0с2
transforms into
impulse energy of uniform-rectilinear motions of quantum of light Е = hс. This process can also occur in the opposite
direction and schematically displays so:
Е0 = М0с2
« Е = hс.
At such movement, the geometrical form of the
particle (circle) changes to ellipse. The particle in this condition is neutral
and does not have electric charge. It does not let out and does not create
waves. The mass of a particle is not already equal to zero. The mass of rest of
the particle changed to impulse mass of rectilinear - uniform movement. This
impulse mass is equal to energy of rectilinear movement.
M = E = hc M¹0
Such simple rectilinear - uniform motion ( movement of the particle from one place into the other)
does not disturb the uniformity of Vacuum, because the plane of its contact
with Vacuum is infinitely small.
*
* *
First physicist, who
enthusiastically met the theory of Planck, the discovery of elementary quantum
of action, was Einstein. But very fast he found out its «latent imperfection»
and decided to consider the radiation problem in a new way.
And, 17.03.1905 in his work «About
one heuristic point of view concerning the origin and transformation of light »
he decided to discoverthe structure of quantum of
light from a new point of view..
For the basic point of his
argumentations, Einstein took the constant of Boltzmann
R/N = k and coefficient b from the formula of radiation
of Wien.
The product of these values makes
quantum of light.
In
the beginning, Einstein supposed that his theory of radiation does not converge
with the theory of radiation of Planck. However, already in one year (in 1906)
he came to conviction that his formula of radiation is equivalent to the
formula of radiation of Planck.
As a result, the smallest quantum
of action can be described by two formulas.
Plank wrote it down with the
formula h = Et,
and Einstein wrote it down with
formula h = kb.
Thus, Planck and Einstein, each in his
own way, discovered that the micro particle should possess internal impulse.
But they did not particularly explain its origin. I explain how this internal impulse of
a particle originated.
*
* *
Let us return to idea of radiation
of Planck.
Once again, let us analyze the
discovery of quantum of light by Planck.
Let us imagine again the ideal black body (the model of Vacuum). If the quantum
of light will penetrate inside this absolute black body and will not reflect
back, the radiation and heat will die. That it will not happen, the ideal black
body should reflect (radiate) this quantum of light back.
Then and only then, this initial
(natural) radiation of quantum of light is characterized
by the constant of
Planck -h .
Originally, we do not speak about
radiated frequency. The radiated frequency arises at the second stage of
process, when, owing to the further experimental heating of the black body, the
radiation energy is augmented and is determined by the formulas:
Е=hv or E = ( R
/ N ) bv
And returning to Einstein, I want
to underline that he called his article: «About one heuristic point of view
concerning the origin and transformation of light». I.e. he expressed the main
idea of the article in its title. He did not call the article « The Explanation
of photo effect », and the Nobel commission paid attention to that fact. The explanation
of photo effect is already derivative from the main «heuristic» idea of Einstein
of «origin and transformation of light ».
*
* *
From
ancient times the man aspired to understand the reason of movement. The
classical physics
considers movement of bodies owing to external influence.
In Vacuum
on a particle does not act
the external influence, therefore
in quantum
physics it was required to enter the term " an internal pulse of a particle
".
But speaking
about it nobody represented evidently this process.
To be
honest before by itself it is necessary:
1) or to refuse the term " an internal pulse of a
particle",
2) or to accept this term as a reality, and then it is
necessary to understand its origin.
If we shall refuse a terminology: " an
internal pulse of a particle", we transform into the people unable to
express their ideas. If we shall accept this term as a reality, then it is
necessary to reconsider the sights on the world.
*
* *
Thus, to study properties of the
initial particle means to understand what quantum of light is. During all the
history of his activity, the person was interested in a problem:
« What is primary particle? What is light? »
It turned out that these problems
are interconnected. It turned out that the Bible was right, claiming, that in
the beginning God has created quantum of light as initial particle. But God had
forgotten to explain physical properties of quantum of light; therefore scientists
of all times were aimed to solve this secret. However, for many millenniums
this secret remained closed.
One of the most genius physicists,
Einstein, all his life dreamed to solve the mystery of light. However, at old
age, he had to state:
« All these fifty years of persistent
speculations did not approach me to the answer
what light quanta are.
Certainly, today everybody thinks that he knows the answer,
but he deceives
himself. ».
This expression of the Einstein
about a quantum of light is true even today. Is not it strange?
The quantum of light is a real particle. It
plays a major role in nature. And we do not realize its essence. How can human
society look, which does not perceive the bases of Genesis?
Writer Arthur Kestler
said concerning this that such society goes by "a track of dinosaurs".
And "the track of dinosaurs" conducts into evolutionary impasse. It
will disappear before time if it does not understand the fundamental
principles.
*
* *
The person always aimed to
understand: « What is light? », because the life without it is inconceivable.
They know much about light. Ray optics and electrodynamics, and STR, and
quantum theory tell about it. But the paradox of modern science is in the fact
that all huge information about it comprises contradictions.
Reason for these contradictions is absence of
visual performance about quantum of light.
And interpretation of quantum
of light, possessing the geometrical form of circle and own internal
energy releases "the Theory of light" from many contradictions.
I
Until now it is not realized that
Quantum of light is completely independent particle. In 1913, Planck noted
critically in the letter, in which he offered to elect Einstein as Member of
Prussian academy of sciences, and in every possible way praised his transactions
and bestowals:
«It can not be put to him in a minus that he sometimes misses the
target, as, for example, in connection with hypothesis of light quanta.»
Now everyone indicates that Planck made an
error and has not understood the idea of Einstein. However paradox consists in
that, as today they do not perceive,what
quantum of light is,
what is a source of its
motion.
II
Modern performances about quantum
of light, «as about the point» are abstract. According to STR, particles at motion with speed close to speed of light is deformed.
Therefore «point» cannot be absolute rigid. About what deformations of «point»
can we speak?
III
There are two kinds of waves:
longitudinal and cross-sectional. When the wave is distributed in environment, it
is deformed somehow. The longitudinal waves cause contraction and stretching of
environment. And to expand and to contract any environment can- solid, liquid
and gaseous. Therefore longitudinal waves can arise and be distributed in any
environment. Origins of a cross-sectional wave need deformation of other kind.
It is a deformation of shift. And the deformation of shift is possible only in
rigid bodies. Therefore, cross-sectional waves can arise and be distributed
only in rigid bodies.
By practical consideration, there
was established, that the wave oscillation of light is cross-sectional. It
turns out that the quantum of light can be distributed only in solid environments.
Then there is a strange situation:
on the one hand, for the light spreading in Vacuum there should completely be absence
of resistance, i.e. space should be empty; on the other hand Vacuum should have
solid steel structure. Such combination of different characteristics to Vacuum
does not yield to explanation logically. This riddle troubled the scientists
for the long time.
But if to transfer our
attention from the problem of Vacuum to the inner structure of quantum of
light, the problem is solved simple and logically.
The quantum of light moves in Vacuum,
dissecting it by one indefinitely thin plane. Movement of such particle was
called flatness of polarization. Quanta of light can move under different
angles, relevantly to Vacuum and then they say that they possess various
flatness of polarization Schematically, this condition
of quantum of light can be represented with such thin lines:
Such
independently and separately movement of quantum of light does not break uniformity
of Vacuum.
IV
According to quantum
theory, the particle's mass increases at approaching to the speed of light. And at achievement of
this speed, the particle's mass becomes infinite. But the quantum of light is real
particle and its mass is particular and not infinite. How to leave this contradiction?
And the scientists invented an
artful way: the quantum does not possess the mass of rest and it is always in
motion. All other material particles have the mass of rest and only quantum of
light has a privileged position. Why?
May be it so differs from material particles,
that it is not material, is it?
And if it is not material, what is
it?
It is written in the Bible:
«And God said: let there be light, and there
was light.
And God saw the light and that it was
good».
However, the Scientist interfered
with the God's business and added:
« But let the quantum of light not
possess the mass of rest and let it move eternally.
And who will doubt, let him be betrayed to
anathema and fire! ».
Yes! It is difficult to be quantum
of light.
All particles have mass of rest,
and it does not. All particles can have a rest, lie down, have
a sleep. And it, poor, does not have a second of rest, all the time in motion.
For what sins, I ask. And as though God is pleased with it and praises it. Only
evidently, the quantum of light did not please the Scientist with something,
and he is angry about it and without pity runs it in the world.
God, save and protect
me from such mentality.
V
Once again, I want to underline
qualitative difference of quantum of light from material particles. All
material particles move with speed less than light. Three laws of physics
prohibit them to reach speed of light.
At first, their mass will become
indefinitely large.
Secondly, these material particles
will lose volume and will become indefinitely flat.
Thirdly, the time for these particles
will stop.
That is, it is impossible for some
material particles to reach an extreme speed of light. And if contrary to all
this, the quantum of light moves just with speed c=1, hence, it
qualitatively differs from all other material particles.
VI
Great
But it is true only for mechanical phenomena.
A.Michelson's experiment refutes the
principle of relativity of
These changes refer completely to other story, the story of electrodynamics.
The processes,
bound with electrical phenomena do not submit to the principle of relativity of
VII
The experiments of A. Michelson
proved that speed of quantum of light is a constant and absolute quantity: c
= const = 1.
This absolute motion happens
concerning Vacuum. But in spite of this fact in the books and textbooks on STR it
is written that:
« It is impossible to find out absolute
motions. The absolute motion cannot be proved. It is not possible to watch
absolute motions ».
Great Einstein writes: «... from
the physical point of view it is impossible to add rectilinear movement an absolute
sense ».
It is very strange.
You see, experimentally is proved
that rectilinear motion of quantum of light is a constant and absolute quantity.
And the motion is watched relevantly to Absolute Vacuum.
Why nobody sees this shouting
logical inconsistency?
When in the popular books and tutorials I meet
with this statement, I am always surprised. In any way, I cannot understand
what they want from me. You see, speed of quantum of light in Vacuum is a
constant and absolute quantity. Why do they claim that it is impossible to find
out absolute speed of motion? They have already found it. Why do they claim
that all speeds of movement are relative? The speed of quantum of light has
absolute quantity.
Why do physicists contradict
themselves? Why do only I see it?
They say
that Diogenes illuminated faces of passers-by with his lantern when there was
bright light, while speaking that he is searching for a
"Listen.
Speed of
light quantum is a constant quantity in Vacuum, it is maximal and absolute.
Why then do they say that there is no absolute
speed of movement ?
Why does nobody admit that quantum of light
itself has such speed?
And this speed
takes place in absolute reference system - Vacuum."
The history does not say whether Diogenes
found a
The reader, if I am mistaken in my
argumentations, explain me my fallacy! But I am sure in my rightness and I realize
why others are mistaken.
This
fallacy is connected to two facts.
First, nobody perceives essences of quantum of
light.
You see, for all the quantum of light has
neither physical, nor geometrical parameters.
Second, nobody realizes essence of Vacuum.
For all,
this Vacuum does not have concreteness.
In this book, the whole bouquet of physical properties of
quantum of light and Vacuum is presented to the
reader. And I hope that someone of my readers will estimate beauty of this
bouquet.
VIII
But why the quantum of light has
such magic, constant speed of motion с = 1 ?
On the planet of Earth there is the
law - that every newborn cries, and each nestling
in order to be born must
break the shell of the egg. His new life starts with this moment.
In Kingdom of eternal cold there is its law:
each quantum of light for its birth
should make internal impulse h = 1 and then it gains
constant speed of motion с = 1.
His new life starts with this moment.
Conclusions.
I shall speak shortly.
§1. The kingdom of eternal chill is characterized by the temperature:
Т=-273,160С= 0K.
§2. Stay of particles in the state of rest in Vacuum are
described with the formulas:
Е/М = с2 R/ NА = k C/D = p
h = 0 M = 0
§3. Rectilinear movement in the Kingdom of eternal cold mathematically is described
with formulas: h = 1 c = 1
Е/М = с2 « E = hc Е/М = с2 « E = kbc
h=Et
h=kb
M = E = hc M ¹ 0
§4. The life duration of a particle in Vacuum is indefinitely
long: t » ¥.