§2.
The formulas of primary particles.
Vacuum, the Kingdom
of the eternal cold, is characterized by the Absolute temperature
T= -273,16ºC. This temperature is tightly connected with
the"Theory of ideal gas".
Consequently, the “ Theory of ideal gas” explains the structure of Vacuum.
The ideal gas is consisted
of ideal particles.
Then we shall ask the
first question: "Can the particle of ideal gas possess volume, density?"
The answer is the
following one:
a) According to the
law of J. Charles (1787), particles that make up ideal gas at temperature T= -273,16ºC, will not possess
either pressure or density:
P=P0 (1+αT) P=P0 (1+-
273⁄ 273)=0
α - thermo coefficient of pressure of gas that is equal
to 1/273.
P0 – the pressure of gas at T=OK=-273,16ºC.
b) According to the law of J. Gay-Lussac (1802), particles of ideal gas
at absolute zero do not have volume:
V=V0 (1+bT) V=V0 (1+-
273⁄ 273)=0
Β - coefficient of the volume expansion is equal
to 1/273
V0 –
initial volume at T=OK= -273,16ºC.
c)
According to the law of W. Nernst (theory of specific
thermal capacity for solid and liquid bodies -1910) and the law of Einstein
(theory of specific thermal capacity for gases - 1925), density, pressure and
volume of particles disappear at Absolute zero.
That is, according to all these laws, the
particle in Vacuum at T= -273,16ºC must be some flat figure with unlimited thin
thickness (it means that the scale of the Earth does not suit for measurement
of this thickness).
Now let us ask the other question: "What
geometric form of this flat figure should be?"
The answer is the following one.
Let us draw some easy figures:
Triangle
Square Circle
Vacuum does not influence on the particle in
any way. Then the circle has the ideal symmetrical geometric form from all the
possible figures. All the inner powers in it are distributed equally. In other
two figures, there are angles for the formation of which an extra power is
needed. If the figure with angles "relaxes" in Vacuum, it would
accept itself the form of the circle. Consequently, the most natural geometric
form of the particle is circle. Circle in geometry is characterized by the
following formulas: C/D=π;
*
* *
And what physical and mathematical parameters
does this particle possess?
The answer is the following one.
According to the law of A. Avogadro (1811), in
any volume of ideal gas, there is NA of the particles. According to the law of
B. Clapeyron (1834), this volume of ideal gas is
characterized by the universal gas constant R. Then according to the law
of Boltzman, each particle of this ideal gas will
possess passive gravitational "molar, virtual" mass of rest that is
expressed by the formula R/ NA=k.
So, already in thermodynamics we can understand
the parameters of initial particle and suppose that the laws of physics are
tightly connected with the geometry of this particle.
From the day of the science's existence, the
scientists searched for physical and mathematical definition of initial
particle. And here it turns out that more then hundred years it was visible to
everyone. And did not anybody try to interpret k=R/NA as
initial particle during all these years?
Unfortunately, nobody did. And the reason for
that is simple. The reason is that overwhelming majority of scientists of the XIX
century preferred to study the thermal phenomena not relying on some concrete
notions of the substance's structure. They were interested only in such
physical parameters as volume, density and temperature.
The Famous American scientist G. Gibbs wrote:
"Someone, who bases his work on hypothesis
connected to substance's structure, stands on an unreliable foundation".
In school textbooks, they write:
"Theory in which thermal qualities of the particles without
calculation of their molecular structure are studied, is called
thermodynamics".
Thus, from the very beginning the scientists refused to examine the structure of the particle, its geometric form. And a person who refuses to examine evident model, in advance dooms to misunderstanding of the situation. That is why nobody understood the essence of the particle that is described by the formula k=R/NA. Should we be surprised after that a man does not understand the picture of Genesis?
*
* *
There is
also a possibility to understand the physic-mathematical condition of initial
particle from the entirely different point of view.
30.06.1905 the article "To the
electrodynamics of moving solids" by A. Einstein was published, which
afterwards received the name of "Special theory of Relativity" (SRT).
This is
one of the most fundamental theories of modern physics. Everybody admits its
importance and truth. But together with it, this theory is unclear, not
sensible. In this theory, all the quantities are divided into two classes: absolute
and relative. The theory confirms that many physical quantities are relative. Mass,
length, time that we got used to consider constant in classical physics, are
relative in this theory. This discovery was so much impressing that the word
"relativity" entered the name of the theory as universal concept.
However, the most important in the theory is not relativity of quantities, but
acknowledgment of objectiveness of two absolute quantities.
Only two
absolute quantities withstand all the relative ones (masst, length, time, power and impulse). Absoluteness of
these two quantities is the central point of the theory.
Two quantities that are absolute are:
a) the speed of the light moving in Vacuum,
b) pseudo-Euclid space .
Let us examine these absolute quantities. What
do they confirm?
The first absolute quantity is constant,
independent uniform - rectilinear movement of quantum of light in vacuum.
In 1881, an American physicist A. Michelson
found out that speed of light is a constant quantity (c=const.) and it
does not depend on the source of radiation. It was strange and unclear.
According to classical physics, speed is a characterized with the formula:
S/t=V (variable)
And now it turned
out that :
S/t=c
(const)
The scientists hoped
that there was a mistake but the experiments done over and over only specified
and confirmed the fact – the speed of light in Vacuum is constant and does not
depend on the source of radiation.
This fact simply forces
to confirm that quantum of light in Vacuum behaves itself as independent
individual particle, which does not need the external source to come into
movement. The source of the movement of quantum of light is its inner power.
The possession of inner energy supplies with independent movement that is
characterized with uniform - rectilinear movement with the constant speed c=const. This speed serves
as a standard of absolute movement.
From the theory SRT
unequivocally follows that at the movement with extreme constant speed c=1, this particle has form of circle with endless thin
thickness.
*
* *
The Quantum
theory says that at the interaction of the electron with the vacuum,
the
energy and mass of the electron become
infinite.
Physics does not understand what to do with
infinite sizes
and
therefore have thought up "a method of renormalization", a method
"to sweep the
dust under the carpet" / Feynman./
This method
is abstract.
The situation can be understood an other way.
Electrons, having the geometrical form of a
sphere,
lose their volume (density)
and turn into an indefinitely flat circle.
In this is the reason for the occurrence of
infinite sizes for the electron.
*
* *
Therefore, the laws
from three different spheres of physics (thermodynamics, SRT and
Quantum theory ) at the definition of geometric form
of the particle in Vacuum
equally confirm that
it has a circle form. It speaks about primary unity of this theories
at the description of
primary conditions of Genesis.
*
* *
Now let ,s observe the second absolute quantity of
the pseudo-Euclid space
When one reads an
explanation of
pseudo-Euclid space in the books,
clauses, textbooks, it rouses bewilderment.
I will explain why.
The concept of space in SRT sets by expression
x² + y² + z² – (ct) ²
=0
where x, y, z – spatial coordinates
(ct)
– time characteristic
Three spatial
coordinates (x, y, z) form flat
This flat
On a background of this space processes,
described in SRT, take place.
From the point of
view of the classical physics and our earthy experience, there is principal
difference between space and time. Space is one category and time is the other
independent category. We can produce mathematical operations between them separately.
And suddenly it turns out that it is impossible to separate
space and negative time in SRT.
They are indissolubly
connected.
Mathematical operations over them are produced
together.
And this space is
Absolute in SRT.
This space is called pseudo-Euclid space, negative four-dimensional (Minkowski)
space.
In this space there are
act processes, described in SRT.
And pointing to the Absoluteness
of this space, the scientists then complain that it is impossible to imagine it
really. What a strange declaration, isn't it?
Earlier physical processes were analyzed in
material surrounding, serving a natural system of counting. Now SRT transferred
physical processes from material surrounding into something physically unclear.
Isn't it funny? It would be funny, if it had not cause confusion in thoughts .
And then they claim
that all the rest is clear, obvious, and understandable.
This is a real mystery.
Is it possible to
build severe scientific logical theory using abstract, unreal foundation?
Can we speak about severe scientific logic
without understanding on what the primary condition of argumentation was
established?
What is pseudo-Euclid
space?
This is space that
amalgamates with negative time.
And what is negative
time?
Negative
characteristic of time means that the time is absent.
This process takes place in the sphere after the
boarder of time, in Eternity, in Vacuum.
Now it is considered
that negative continuum of SRT cannot be characterized with any physical
quantities. But it is a mistake.
Negative space of SRT has equivalent
characteristic in the Theory of ideal gas. Space in this theory is also
characterized with negative quantity. And this quantity is not abstract, but
concrete and exact. Its physical parameter is T=-273,16ºC= 0K.
The Unit of
negative space in "Theory of ideal gas" and negative space in STR is
also one more proof of the fact that these theories are interconnected and
united, and that the science found initial conditions of Genesis long ago and
it is Vacuum.
Consequently, both
Thermodynamics and SRT examine Vacuum from two different positions:
thermodynamic and energetic and they both claim the same:
a) the space
is negative.
b) particles
in this negative space are circle.
In his works,
Einstein repeatedly wrote that Ether (Vacuum) can be accepted for the Absolute
reference system, if it will not influence on any physical processes. And it is
really so.
Vacuum, as Absolute reference system, does not
influence on the processes that happen in it.
Why did confusion in
understanding the space arouse in SRT?
One of the reasons is connected with
misunderstanding of the Vacuum essence.
The second reason is occupation with
mathematics for the sake of mathematics itself. Many spheres of mathematics are
only beautiful abstraction that is not connected with physical reality. The American
scientist G. Gibbs wrote:
"Mathematician
may say all he wants, but physicist must maintain at least some spark of common
sense.”
Nevertheless, nearly all
the century from generation to generation they explain the
Negative four-dimensional space in
schools, Universities, books,
not
understanding the essence of it in SRT.
What a dreadful
picture of modern teaching and education.
Once Einstein noticed
in joke that when mathematician began to learn his theory, he stopped to
understand something in it. In every joke, there is a grain of truth. And in
the joke of Einstein this grain is very big. Mathematician indeed led
physicists into the forest, consisted of three trees. Physicists went astray in
this "forest", turn around three trees and murmur:
"pseudo-Euclid space is not clear, space of Minkowski
is not obvious". They do not see a road from this "forest".
* *
*
There are mathematicians who like mathematics for the beauty of mathematical calculations
bringing to art. The connection with
reality does not interest them very much.
In that
case there is one old joke.
One mathematician
came to give a lecture. There is nobody in the classroom, but he has a plan
and he begins his
monologue. Becoming enthusiastic he suddenly notices two students in the
room. He continues the lecture joyfully
and after some time he notices that three of them are going away. "Here it
is,- mathematician thinks sadly,- now one more student
will come and nobody will be here
again".
It seems, that
calculation has been done correctly, but being turned from the concreteness,
it evokes a
smile. That is the price of mathematical abstract logic for the break with the
reality.
A lot of mathematical
models that are leaned on the numerical knowledge of the world,
look in such
way.
The American
scientist G. Gibbs wrote:
"Mathematician
may say all that he wants,
but physicist
must maintain at least some spark of common sense “.
Now
common sense in the theory is not saved.
In physics, it was regarded as a tradition that
an obligatory condition
of a good theory
was a small number of parameters.
Now such traditions are lost. Now the scientists in order to explain some phenomena
introduce new
parameters and postulates. It is an
"illness" of the modern science.
Physics got sick with "parametric
disease". And with the help of such a method,
with the help of extra parameters and postulates, one
can explain anything he likes.
* *
*
In 1908, Minkowski explained space of SRT in such a way:
"Henceforth space itself and time itself must turn to fiction and only
some kind of combination of both should still remain independent".
Let us analyze this
quotation logically.
a) "…some kind of combination of
both", which remain independence, is a negative time and
b) From the point of view of Minkowski, space itself and time itself…are fictions …".
We really observe this "fiction" on
our and on other Planets
Each one has its local, independent (relative)
time and local, independent space.
c) All the Planets, Stars "with
their own relative space and time",
make movement
in Absolute Vacuum.
"Scientifically"
speaking, "into four-dimensional world of Minkowski,
they enter solid section, which represents the closed spherical space".
"Four- dimensional space has pseudo-Euclid metrics; in this space there
are quasi-decart… non-decart
(curved) coordinates" and so on. I do not invent "wise
terminology", but explain everything simply, clear and logically.
* *
*
What
particles according to space of SRT are there in Vacuum?
27.09.1905 in the article "Does inertia of the body depend on the
power containing in it?" Einstein proves that in SRT continuum the particles should exist, which
contain energy equal to its mass and has expressed this law with the famous
formula E0=M0 c².
The condition
of this particle has been determined as a condition of "mass of
rest",
"energy of
rest". Coefficient c²
specifies only huge potential power opportunities of a particle.
In classic
physics, energy and mass are absolutely different, individual quantities.
These
individual quantities belong to separately taken space and separate time ( of our Earth). But in SRT energy and mass are amalgamated
together.
And this unusual amalgamation of energy and mass
is possible only in Vacuum.
This fact
already points that:
the
reference system in classic physics and reference system in SRT are
qualitatively physically
different.
2) the particles, considered in SRT, qualitatively differ from
particles,
considered in classical
physics.
The theory of ideal
gas gave formula of the gravitational mass
of the passive
particle k=R/N.
And SRT gave formula
to the particle's rest from the energetic
point of view c²=E0/M0.
Therefore, two
theories gave formulas, which explain physical parameters of the initial
particle in the condition of immobility in Vacuum.
Almost hundred years these formulas were in
front of everybody . But nobody has noticed,
that these formulas reflect physical parameters of initial particles and they
continue to search for them.
This story with the search initial particles
reminds me a grandmother ,s story which has
turned all the room in search of the glasses. And the glasses were on her forehead.
Conclusions.
From the ancient
times a person wanted to know, what the Universe is, what the world consists
of, what the source of the beginning is. The science gives answers to these questions
clearly exactly. A person can understand the initial conditions of Genesis from
the school bench.
1. The beginning of the reference
system is Infinite /Eternal Vacuum, that is characterized with the Absolute
temperature T=-273,16ºC.
2. In this Kingdom of eternal cold
there are endlessly small particles with geometric form of a circle C/D=π.
3. From the point of view of "The Theory of ideal gas", their
gravitational resting mass is defined by the constant of Boltzmann
R/NA=k
4. From the point of view of SRT, the energy of the particle in the
condition of rest is characterized with Einstein's formula E0=M0 c².
5. As the particle is in the state of
rest, its inner impulse is equal to zero:
h=0.
6. In mathematics, such condition of
the particle in Vacuum is characterized with the imaginary quantity i² =-1.
The ideal of the science is to build
the World from dimensionless constants. And already in these initial conditions
there are such quantities as:
- T=-273,16ºC, and
as a result its back quantity- 1/273,16
- π=3,14
- i² =-1
* *
*
Long ago, scientists
found formulas, equations and laws according to which "divine creation of
the world" happened. Misunderstanding of the situation is in the fact that
knowing all these formulas, equations and laws, they do not know to what
reference system they should be referred. The task is to build and explain all
the variety of the surrounding world from these formulas and quantities.